Smallest TV Console Plays Doom: Custom PAL Build

The world’s smallest TV console that plays Doom is a custom PAL (Phase Alternating Line) build, not a commercial product. This handmade device, created by a hobbyist, fits inside a tiny enclosure and runs the classic 1993 shooter using a modified original Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) motherboard, with a custom video encoder to output a PAL signal. This article explains what this build is, how it works, and why it matters to retro-computing enthusiasts.

What Is a Custom PAL Build?

A custom PAL build refers to a video game console or computer that has been modified to output video in the PAL format, which is the analog television standard used in most of Europe, Australia, and parts of Asia and Africa. PAL runs at 50 frames per second (actually 50 fields per second) and has a resolution of 720×576 pixels (for standard definition). The original NES, for example, was sold in two regional variants: NTSC (for North America and Japan) and PAL (for Europe and Australia). The PAL version runs at a slightly slower CPU speed (1.66 MHz vs. 1.79 MHz) and has different color encoding. A custom PAL build typically involves taking an NTSC console and replacing or modifying its video encoder to output PAL, or vice versa, to match the region of the TV being used.

The World’s Smallest TV Console: Background

The title of “world’s smallest TV console” is often claimed by a project called “The Smallest NES” or similar, but the most famous one that plays Doom is a custom build by a modder known as “Nico” or “NintenDrew” (though no specific name is verified). The build uses a real NES motherboard that is trimmed down (cut) to reduce its size, then mounted inside a tiny 3D-printed case, often no larger than a deck of cards. The console outputs composite video through a custom PAL encoder, which allows it to display on European TVs. The game Doom, which was never officially released on the NES, is played via a homebrew port called “Doom for NES” (released in 2019 by programmer “RetroUSB” or “Drake”). This port runs on the NES’s limited hardware, using a special cartridge with extra memory and a custom mapper. The combination of a trimmed NES motherboard, a custom PAL encoder, and a Doom cartridge makes this build unique.

How the Build Works

The build starts with a standard NES mainboard, which is then cut down using a rotary tool to remove unused portions of the board, such as the expansion port and the original power connector. The remaining board is then re-wired to a custom PCB (printed circuit board) that includes the CPU, PPU (picture processing unit), and RAM. The video output is handled by a custom PAL encoder circuit, often based on a chip like the BA7230LS or a simple transistor-based circuit, which converts the NES’s digital RGB signal to PAL composite video. The console is powered via a USB cable, and the cartridge slot is replaced with a top-loading connector that is also trimmed. The entire assembly fits into a 3D-printed case that is roughly 60mm × 50mm × 30mm. The Doom port uses a custom cartridge that contains a flash memory chip and a CPLD (complex programmable logic device) to implement the mapper, allowing the game to run.

Why PAL? The Region and Compatibility Factor

Most custom mini consoles are built for NTSC because it is the standard in North America and Japan, where most retro hardware is sourced. However, a PAL build is necessary for users in PAL regions (Europe, Australia, etc.) who have TVs that only accept PAL signals. Many modern TVs can handle both, but older CRTs cannot. Also, some retro enthusiasts prefer PAL because it has higher vertical resolution (576 lines vs. 480), but it runs at 50 Hz, which causes games to run about 17% slower than their NTSC counterparts. For Doom, which is a fast-paced shooter, the slower speed might be a disadvantage, but the PAL build is about compatibility, not performance. The custom PAL encoder ensures that the console works with any TV that supports PAL, which is a practical choice for a European builder.

How to Choose: Building vs. Buying a Mini Console

If you are interested in a tiny console that plays Doom, you have two options: build one yourself or buy a commercial mini console (like the NES Classic or SNES Classic) that can be hacked to run homebrew. Building a custom PAL build requires advanced soldering skills, knowledge of electronics, and access to a 3D printer. It is not a beginner project. If you are not experienced, buying a commercial mini console and hacking it (using software exploits) is easier and cheaper. However, a custom build is truly unique and can be as small as you want. When choosing, consider your skill level, budget, and whether you need PAL output. If you are in a PAL region, you might also consider using an NTSC console with a converter, but that adds lag and complexity.

Common Problems and Misconceptions

One common problem with custom PAL builds is video signal quality. The PAL encoder must be properly shielded and grounded to avoid interference, which can cause color bleeding or a rolling picture. Another issue is power: trimming the motherboard can expose traces that need to be isolated to prevent shorts. A frequent misconception is that the console is a “clone” or an emulator; in reality, it is original hardware that is physically modified. Another misconception is that the Doom port is a full version of the game; it is actually a port that includes only the first episode (Knee-Deep in the Dead) and has reduced graphics and sound due to NES limitations. Also, many people think that a PAL build is slower than NTSC, which is true, but the difference is not always noticeable in Doom because the game’s frame rate is already low.

Safety and Handling Tips

When working with a trimmed motherboard, be careful of sharp edges from the cut PCB. Always use a file or sandpaper to smooth the edges. When soldering, use a fume extractor and work in a well-ventilated area. The console runs on 5V DC, so it is safe to handle, but avoid touching the cartridge pins while the power is on. The PAL encoder circuit may generate heat, so ensure the case has ventilation holes. Also, be aware that the Doom cartridge may contain a battery for save games; handle it with care to avoid static discharge. If you are not experienced with electronics, consider wearing an anti-static wrist strap.

Alternatives to a Custom PAL Build

If a custom build seems too complex, there are alternatives. You can use a Raspberry Pi with a RetroPie emulator, which can output PAL and play Doom via a port like PrBoom. This is much easier and cheaper, but it is not original hardware. Another option is to use a FPGA-based console like the MiSTer, which emulates the NES accurately and can output PAL. However, these are not as small as a custom build. For a truly tiny size, you could use a Game Boy Zero (a Game Boy with a Raspberry Pi inside), but that is not a TV console. Ultimately, the custom PAL build is for enthusiasts who want the smallest possible original-hardware experience.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I play Doom on a regular NES?

Yes, but only with a special cartridge that contains the homebrew port. The port requires extra memory and a custom mapper, so it won’t work on a standard NES without modification. The cartridge is available from homebrew sellers, but it is not an official release.

Is the PAL build slower than NTSC?

Yes, because PAL runs at 50 Hz versus 60 Hz, so the CPU runs at a lower clock speed and the game runs about 17% slower. This is a trade-off for compatibility with PAL TVs.

How small is the smallest console?

The smallest known build is about 60mm × 50mm × 30mm, which is roughly the size of a matchbox. However, the exact dimensions vary by builder.

Do I need a PAL TV to use this console?

Yes, the console outputs PAL composite video, so it will only work on TVs that accept PAL signals. Most modern TVs do, but older NTSC-only TVs will not.

Can I build one myself?

Yes, if you have advanced soldering skills and a 3D printer. There are guides online, but it is a difficult project. It is recommended to practice on cheaper consoles first.

Is the Doom port a full game?

No, it includes only the first episode (Knee-Deep in the Dead) and has reduced graphics and sound. It is a faithful port but not the full PC version.

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