Layer 2 Blockchain & NFTs: What the Terms Mean

Layer 2 blockchain and NFTs are two distinct but increasingly connected concepts in crypto. Layer 2 refers to a secondary framework built on top of a main blockchain (Layer 1) to improve speed and lower costs, while NFTs (non-fungible tokens) are unique digital certificates of ownership stored on a blockchain. This article explains both terms, how they work together, and what you need to know before using them.

Formula

The calculator above works out your average pace and speed from a finish time and distance. The formulas are:

• Pace (min/km) = Finish time (minutes) ÷ Distance (km)
• Speed (km/h) = Distance (km) ÷ (Finish time (minutes) ÷ 60)

Variables: t = finish time in minutes, d = distance in kilometers. If you run in miles, convert distance to km (1 mile = 1.60934 km) before using the formula.

Worked Example

Using the default values: finish time = 50 minutes, distance = 10 km.

1. Pace = 50 ÷ 10 = 5.00 min/km
2. Speed = 10 ÷ (50 ÷ 60) = 10 ÷ 0.8333 = 12.00 km/h

So your average pace is 5 minutes per kilometer, and your average speed is 12 km/h. This matches the calculator output.

When to Use This Calculator

Use this calculator when you finish a run, ride, or walk and want to know your average pace or speed. It is especially useful for training plans that specify target paces (e.g., “run 5:30 per km�) or for comparing performance across different distances. The result is an average, not a split-by-split breakdown.

How to Read the Result

A lower pace (min/km) means faster running. For example, 4:30 min/km is faster than 5:00 min/km. Speed in km/h is higher when you are faster. Both metrics are useful: pace is common in running, speed is common in cycling or driving contexts. If you run on a treadmill, the machine may show speed in km/h directly.

Common Mistakes

• Using seconds instead of minutes: always convert to minutes (e.g., 50:30 becomes 50.5 minutes).
• Mixing miles and km: if your distance is in miles, convert to km first, or the pace will be wrong.
• Rounding too early: keep at least 3 decimal places in intermediate steps to avoid a misleading final pace.
• Forgetting that pace is per unit distance: a 10 km run in 50 minutes gives 5 min/km, not 5 min total.

Limits of the Formula

This formula assumes constant speed. Real runs include hills, stops, and varying effort, so your actual pace at any moment differs from the average. The formula also ignores elevation gain, weather, and fatigue. It is a simple average, not a predictor of performance. For interval training, you need per-lap times, not just the overall finish.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a good running pace for a beginner?

A comfortable conversational pace for a beginner is often around 6:30 to 8:00 min/km (about 7.5 to 9.5 km/h). This varies widely by age, fitness, and experience. The best pace is one you can maintain without excessive strain.

How do I convert my pace from min/km to min/mile?

Multiply the pace in min/km by 1.60934. For example, 5:00 min/km becomes about 8:03 per mile. Conversely, divide min/mile by 1.60934 to get min/km.

Does this calculator work for walking?

Yes, the same formula applies. A typical walking pace is 10–15 min/km (4–6 km/h). Enter your walking time and distance to get your average.

Why does my GPS watch show a different pace?

GPS watches calculate pace in real time using short intervals, so they show instantaneous or lap pace, which fluctuates. The calculator gives an overall average for the entire distance. Also, GPS distance may differ slightly from the actual course distance.

Should I use pace or speed for training?

Most runners use pace (min/km) because it directly relates to effort per distance. Cyclists often use speed (km/h). Choose the metric that matches your sport and the way you think about effort.

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in t | Finish time | min | 50 | 0
in d | Distance | km | 10 | 0
out pace | Average pace | min/km | t / d | 2
out speed | Average speed | km/h | d / (t / 60) | 2