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Windows on ARM App Emulation: Performance Explained

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Windows on ARM App Emulation: Performance Explained

This guide explains how Windows on ARM runs x86 and x64 apps through emulation, what that means for performance, and how to get the best results. You’ll learn the mechanics behind emulation, how to identify emulated apps, and practical tips for improving speed and compatibility.

What You’ll Need

  • A Windows on ARM device (e.g., Surface Pro X, Samsung Galaxy Book Go, or any Snapdragon-powered PC)
  • Windows 11 (most current features require it)
  • Administrator access to check system settings (optional but helpful)

Step-by-Step

  1. Understand the basics: Windows on ARM devices have an ARM64 processor, but most software is compiled for x86 or x64. Emulation translates x86/x64 instructions to ARM instructions on the fly, allowing those apps to run.
  2. Know the emulation layers: Windows 11 includes two emulators: one for 32-bit x86 apps and one for 64-bit x64 apps. Both are built into the OS, so no extra download is needed. The x86 emulator works on all ARM devices; the x64 emulator requires Windows 11 and a Snapdragon 8cx Gen 2 or newer (or equivalent).
  3. Check if an app is emulated: Open Task Manager (Ctrl+Shift+Esc), go to the “Details” tab, and look at the “Architecture” column. Apps marked “x86” or “x64” are emulated; “ARM64” apps run natively.
  4. Install apps normally: Download and install apps as you would on any Windows PC. The Microsoft Store automatically picks the best version (ARM64 if available, otherwise emulated). For outside apps, the installer will run under emulation if needed.
  5. Expect performance differences: Emulated apps typically run slower than native ARM64 apps. The overhead comes from translating instructions and less efficient memory access. Simple apps (notepad, Office) feel fine; heavy apps (video editing, games) may lag or use more CPU.
  6. Optimize for performance: Close background apps, keep your device plugged in for demanding tasks, and update Windows regularly. Also, check for ARM64-native versions of apps you use often—they’ll be significantly faster.
  7. Use compatibility settings if needed: Some emulated apps may misbehave. Right-click the app’s shortcut, go to Properties > Compatibility, and try running it in Windows 8 or Windows 7 mode. Also, try disabling fullscreen optimizations if you see display glitches.
  8. Monitor performance: Use Task Manager’s Performance tab to see CPU usage and which processes are emulated. If an emulated app is consuming 100% CPU, consider finding an alternative or a native version.
  9. Know the limitations: Not all apps work under emulation. Drivers and kernel-level software (antivirus, VPNs, games with anti-cheat) often fail. Check the manufacturer’s website for ARM64 drivers or ARM-compatible versions.
  10. Test your specific apps: If you have a critical app, install it and test thoroughly. Some apps may have minor glitches (e.g., right-click menus, drag-and-drop) that don’t appear on x86 PCs.

Common Mistakes

  • Assuming all apps run natively: Many users think Windows on ARM runs everything at full speed. In reality, only ARM64 apps are native; x86/x64 apps are emulated.
  • Ignoring the architecture column: Not checking Task Manager can lead to blaming the device for slow performance when the app is actually emulated.
  • Installing 64-bit apps when 32-bit versions exist: On older ARM devices that only support x86 emulation, a 64-bit app won’t run at all. Always check if a 32-bit version is available.
  • Forgetting to update Windows: Microsoft improves emulation with each update. Running an outdated version can cause compatibility and performance issues.

Tips

  • Prefer ARM64 apps: Always look for ARM64 versions of apps like Photoshop, Spotify, or Zoom. They run faster and use less battery.
  • Use the Microsoft Store: The Store filters apps by architecture, so you’re more likely to get native versions.
  • Keep your device cool: Emulation generates more heat, which can throttle performance. Use a cooling pad or ensure proper ventilation.
  • Close unused emulated apps: Each emulated process uses extra memory and CPU. Close apps you’re not using to free up resources.
  • Check for app updates: Developers sometimes add ARM64 support later. Update apps regularly to get performance improvements.

Troubleshooting

If an app won’t install or run, try these steps:

  1. Check architecture support: Right-click the app’s installer and select “Properties”. Under “Compatibility”, see if it mentions x86 or x64. If it’s x64 and your device only supports x86, you’ll need a 32-bit version.
  2. Run as administrator: Some installers need elevated permissions. Right-click and select “Run as administrator”.
  3. Update Windows: Go to Settings > Windows Update and install all pending updates. Emulation improvements are often included.
  4. Reinstall the app: Uninstall and reinstall, making sure to download the latest version from the official website.
  5. Try compatibility mode: Right-click the app’s shortcut, go to Properties > Compatibility, and check “Run this program in compatibility mode for” and select an older Windows version.
  6. Check for ARM64 drivers: If the app requires a driver (e.g., for a printer), visit the manufacturer’s website and look for ARM64 drivers. Without them, the app may not work.
  7. Use the built-in troubleshooter: Go to Settings > System > Troubleshoot > Other troubleshooters, and run “Program Compatibility Troubleshooter”.

Frequently Asked Questions

Will emulation slow down my device significantly?

It depends on the app. Light apps like Notepad or Office run fine. Heavy apps like video editors or games may run 30-50% slower than on an x86 PC with similar specs.

Can I run all Windows apps on ARM?

Most x86 and x64 apps will run, but some won’t. Apps that require kernel-level drivers or specific hardware (like some games with anti-cheat) may not work.

How do I know if an app is native or emulated?

Open Task Manager, go to the Details tab, and look at the Architecture column. ARM64 is native; x86 or x64 is emulated.

Is there a performance difference between x86 and x64 emulation?

x64 emulation is newer and generally better optimized, but both add overhead. x64 apps may run slightly better than x86 apps on the same device, but the difference is small.

Can I force an app to run natively?

No, you can’t force an x86/x64 app to run natively. The app must be compiled for ARM64. Check the developer’s website for an ARM64 version.

Does emulation affect battery life?

Yes, emulation uses more CPU and memory, which can drain battery faster. Using native ARM64 apps will improve battery life.

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